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TOEFL Reading Section Practice Questions

DIRECTIONS: Each passage or pair of passages below is followed by several questions. After reading each passage or pair, choose the best answer to each question based on what is stated or implied in the passage or passages (1-10).

Passage 1: Marine Sand Watch platform by GRID-Geneva

The Marine Sand Watch platform, developed by UNEP, monitors the extraction of approximately 6 billion tonnes of sand annually from the world’s ocean floors. In addition to sand, it tracks materials like clay, silt, gravel, and rock. Hotspots for extraction include the North Sea, Southeast Asia, and the East Coast of the United States. Concerns highlighted include the loss of benthic life, crucial for providing habitats and nutrient cycling in marine ecosystems. The platform advocates a circular economy approach, aiming to reduce reliance on virgin sand and promote recycling. Managing sand extraction involves balancing economic benefits with environmental impacts, emphasizing collaborative action and informed decision-making among stakeholders globally. International cooperation and policy harmonization are essential for addressing these complex challenges.

Questions:

Question 1: What organization developed the Marine Sand Watch platform?

A) UNESCO

B) UNEP

C) WHO

D) FAO

Answer: B) UNEP

Question 2: How much sand is annually extracted from the world’s ocean floors according to the Marine Sand Watch platform?

A) 2 billion tonnes

B) 4 billion tonnes

C) 6 billion tonnes

D) 8 billion tonnes

Answer: C) 6 billion tonnes

Question 3: Besides sand, what other materials are monitored by the Marine Sand Watch platform?

A) Oil and gas

B) Minerals and metals

C) Clay, silt, gravel, and rock

D) Plastic waste

Answer: C) Clay, silt, gravel, and rock

Question 4: Which of the following regions is NOT mentioned as a hotspot for marine sand extraction?

A) North Sea

B) Southeast Asia

C) Mediterranean Sea

D) East Coast of the United States

Answer: C) Mediterranean Sea

Question 5: What environmental impact is highlighted as a concern due to marine sand extraction?

A) Air pollution

B) Soil erosion

C) Loss of benthic life

D) Noise pollution

Answer: C) Loss of benthic life

Question 6: What role do benthic ecosystems play in marine environments?

A) Controlling ocean currents

B) Regulating water temperature

C) Providing habitats and nutrient cycling

D) Filtering pollutants

Answer: C) Providing habitats and nutrient cycling

Question 7: What does the circular economy approach advocate regarding sand extraction?

A) Increase extraction rates

B) Use only virgin sand

C) Reduce reliance on virgin sand and promote recycling

D) Ban sand extraction completely

Answer: C) Reduce reliance on virgin sand and promote recycling

Question 8: Besides environmental impacts, what other considerations are crucial in managing marine sand extraction?

A) Economic benefits

B) Cultural heritage preservation

C) Space exploration

D) Sports and leisure activities

Answer: A) Economic benefits

Question 9: What does the Marine Sand Watch platform aim to facilitate among stakeholders?

A) Political unrest

B) Collaborative action and informed decision-making

C) Academic research only

D) Celebrity endorsements

Answer: B) Collaborative action and informed decision-making

Question 10: What is emphasized as essential for addressing global marine sand extraction challenges?

A) Increased extraction rates

B) International cooperation and policy harmonization

C) Military interventions

D) Agricultural expansion

Answer: B) International cooperation and policy harmonization

Passage 2: DEEP VZN

The “DEEP VZN” program, standing for Deep Exploration and Epidemiological Profiling of Viral Zoonoses Network, aimed to collect over 500,000 samples of exotic pathogens worldwide. It focused on identifying and understanding potential viral threats to enhance pandemic preparedness. However, geopolitical tensions led to its termination, highlighting complexities in global health governance. The program emphasized building early detection systems and advocating transparency and data sharing in research practices. Future efforts to address viral threats require sustained investment in surveillance and research, underscoring the importance of international cooperation despite challenges in global health initiatives.

Questions:

Question 1: What does “DEEP VZN” stand for?

A) Deep Exploration and Epidemiological Profiling of Viral Zoonoses Network

B) Detailed Exploration and Environmental Protection of Viral Zones Network

C) Developmental Exploration and Epidemiological Program for Viral Zoonoses Network

D) Diagnostic Evaluation and Epidemiological Profiling of Viral Zoonoses Network

Answer: A) Deep Exploration and Epidemiological Profiling of Viral Zoonoses Network

Question 2: What was the primary objective of the DEEP VZN program?

A) Developing vaccines for known viral pathogens

B) Collecting and studying exotic pathogens worldwide

C) Monitoring global climate change impacts

D) Promoting international collaboration in wildlife conservation

Answer: B) Collecting and studying exotic pathogens worldwide

Question 3: How many samples did the DEEP VZN program aim to collect?

A) Over 100,000 samples

B) Over 250,000 samples

C) Over 500,000 samples

D) Over 1,000,000 samples

Answer: C) Over 500,000 samples

Question 4: What is one of the reasons cited for the termination of the DEEP VZN program?

A) Lack of qualified researchers

B) Concerns over ethical sample collection practices

C) Geopolitical tensions

D) Successful completion of program objectives

Answer: C) Geopolitical tensions

Question 5: Which of the following is NOT a concern associated with viral zoonoses mentioned in the passage?

A) Economic impacts

B) Environmental degradation

C) Public health risks

D) Political instability

Answer: B) Environmental degradation

Question 6: What role did the DEEP VZN program play in pandemic preparedness?

A) It focused on treating existing viral infections.

B) It monitored global climate change impacts.

C) It aimed to identify and understand potential viral threats.

D) It conducted research on marine ecosystems.

Answer: C) It aimed to identify and understand potential viral threats.

Question 7: What does the termination of the DEEP VZN program highlight about global health governance?

A) The need for increased secrecy in research initiatives

B) The importance of independent research initiatives

C) The complexities and challenges in global health governance

D) The effectiveness of international collaboration

Answer: C) The complexities and challenges in global health governance

Question 8: What was one of the program’s strategies to prevent viral outbreaks?

A) Developing new antibiotics

B) Encouraging wildlife trade

C) Building early detection systems

D) Promoting deforestation

Answer: C) Building early detection systems

Question 9: What aspect of research practice does the passage highlight as important in global health initiatives?

A) Transparency and data sharing

B) Isolation and secrecy

C) Competition and rivalry

D) Political influence and control

Answer: A) Transparency and data sharing

Question 10: What does the passage emphasize as essential for addressing future viral threats?

A) Sustained investment in surveillance and research

B) Increased isolationist policies

C) Decreased funding for global health initiatives

D) Reduction of international cooperation

Answer: A) Sustained investment in surveillance and research

TOEFL Writing Academic Discussion

Question 1: Exercise Eagle Partner

Bartika: Hey Willium, have you heard about Exercise Eagle Partner? It’s a joint military exercise between the USA and Armenia.

Willium: Oh, really? I haven’t heard much about it. What’s it all about?

Bartika: It involves around 85 U.S. soldiers training alongside 175 Armenian troops. They’re working together on military tactics and operations.

Willium: That sounds like a significant collaboration. Why is this exercise happening now?

Bartika: It seems to be related to Armenia’s concerns about security guarantees, especially regarding tensions with Azerbaijan. They’re frustrated with Russia’s role as a security guarantor.

Willium: Ah, I see. So, it’s about reinforcing Armenia’s military readiness and possibly sending a message regarding regional stability?

Bartika: Exactly. Armenia wants to ensure it can handle its security concerns independently, or with reliable partners like the USA.

Willium: Do you think this exercise might escalate tensions in the region, considering the delicate geopolitical situation?

Bartika: It’s hard to say. These exercises are often seen as a show of strength or solidarity rather than a provocation. But given the history between Armenia and Azerbaijan, it’s a sensitive issue.

Willium: True, tensions in that region have been simmering for a while. Hopefully, exercises like this can contribute to stability rather than escalate conflicts.

Bartika: That’s the hope. It’s crucial for countries to maintain their defense capabilities while seeking peaceful resolutions to conflicts.

Willium: Absolutely. Let’s hope Exercise Eagle Partner contributes positively to regional security and stability.

Bartika: Agreed. It’s a complex situation, but these joint exercises could potentially build trust and cooperation between Armenia, the USA, and their allies.

Willium: Thanks for sharing this information, Bartika. It’s always good to understand these global developments better.a

Bartika: You’re welcome, Willium. It’s important to stay informed about how international relations and military exercises can impact global stability.

Response:

Exercise Eagle Partner, a joint military exercise between the USA and Armenia, garners attention amidst regional tensions. Approximately 85 U.S. soldiers and 175 Armenian troops collaborate to enhance military preparedness and operational capabilities. Armenia’s participation highlights frustrations with Russia’s perceived security role, especially concerning tensions with Azerbaijan.

The exercise aims to bolster Armenia’s defense capabilities and foster cooperation with international partners, notably the U.S. Such military endeavors strengthen bilateral ties, build trust, and demonstrate readiness amidst regional challenges. However, they also raise questions about regional stability, given historical rivalries and geopolitical complexities.

Overall, Exercise Eagle Partner exemplifies military diplomacy, regional security concerns, and international cooperation, reflecting broader global efforts for peace and stability.

Question 2: EchoStar-7 Satellite

Prof. Martin: Good morning, Martinez! What’s got your attention today?

Prof. Martinez: Morning, Martin. Have you seen this news about Dish Network and the FCC? They’ve fined Dish for mishandling the EchoStar-7 satellite deorbiting process.

Prof. Martin: Oh, yes, I read about that. It’s quite concerning, isn’t it? EchoStar-7 has been up there for over twenty years, and instead of bringing it down properly, they’ve left it in a disposal orbit that could lead to more space debris.

Prof. Martinez: Exactly. They were supposed to deorbit it safely, but instead, they moved it to an orbit that’s still low enough to pose a risk. It’s irresponsible, especially with the growing issue of space debris.

Prof. Martin: It raises serious questions about satellite operators’ responsibilities. We teach our students about orbital mechanics and the importance of responsible satellite management. This kind of negligence doesn’t reflect well on the industry.

Prof. Martinez: Absolutely. And it’s not just about the fine. It’s about ensuring space sustainability and preventing collisions that could create even more debris, endangering other satellites and future space missions.

Prof. Martin: Do you think this will prompt stricter regulations from the FCC or other international bodies?

Prof. Martinez: It might. There’s been growing concern globally about space debris. More stringent regulations could be necessary to hold satellite operators accountable and ensure they adhere to proper deorbiting procedures.

Prof. Martin: I agree. We’ve already seen initiatives like the Space Traffic Management framework gaining traction. Perhaps incidents like this will accelerate efforts towards more comprehensive guidelines.

Prof. Martinez: Hopefully. It’s a delicate balance between advancing technology and protecting our space environment. We need to ensure that satellite operators prioritize sustainability throughout a satellite’s lifecycle.

Prof. Martin: Absolutely, Martinez. It’s something we emphasize in our courses—balancing technological progress with environmental stewardship. This incident serves as a reminder of the importance of responsible space operations.

Prof. Martinez: Indeed, Martin. It’s a complex issue, but with careful regulation and industry cooperation, we can mitigate the risks and ensure a sustainable future for space exploration and satellite communications.

Prof. Martin: Well said. Let’s hope this serves as a wake-up call for the industry and leads to more conscientious practices moving forward.

Prof. Martinez: Agreed. Now, speaking of wake-up calls, how about another cup of coffee?

Prof. Martin: Sounds perfect. Let’s grab some before our next lectures.

Response:

Professors Martin and Martinez discussed the recent fine imposed by the FCC on Dish Network for mishandling the deorbiting of the EchoStar-7 satellite. Instead of properly deorbiting the satellite after its two-decade lifespan, Dish Network placed it in a disposal orbit that still poses a risk of orbital debris. Both professors expressed concern over this negligence, emphasizing the importance of responsible satellite management and adherence to proper deorbiting procedures to mitigate space debris risks. They speculated on potential impacts, including the need for stricter regulations from international bodies like the FCC to enforce better space sustainability practices. The conversation highlighted the delicate balance between technological advancement and environmental stewardship in satellite operations, stressing the importance of educating future engineers on these critical issues. Overall, they agreed that incidents like this underscore the necessity for industry-wide accountability and proactive measures to safeguard space environments for future missions.

TOEFL Integrated Writing Task

This task involves reading a passage, listening to a lecture, and then writing a response that synthesizes information from both sources.

Topic: UNESCO on AI Oversight Project

UNESCO’s involvement in overseeing artificial intelligence (AI) projects marks a pivotal step in addressing the ethical and societal implications of advancing technology. As AI continues to permeate various aspects of modern life, from healthcare and education to finance and governance, concerns over its ethical use, bias, and impact on human rights have become increasingly pressing. In response, UNESCO has embarked on an ambitious initiative to establish frameworks and guidelines that promote ethical AI development while safeguarding fundamental human values and rights.

Listening Lecture

UNESCO ensures AI technologies adhere to transparency, accountability, and fairness. By fostering open discussions and knowledge-sharing platforms, it establishes global ethical standards, addressing algorithmic bias, data privacy, and ethical implications in areas like criminal justice and healthcare.

UNESCO emphasizes cultural diversity and inclusive AI development, advocating for solutions that respect diverse perspectives to reduce digital exclusion and foster social cohesion. It empowers policymakers, educators, and the public with AI ethics knowledge through resources, training programs, and guidelines.

Collaborating with organizations like the UN, UNESCO ensures cohesive global AI governance. Through research, workshops, and publications, it provides evidence-based recommendations for regulatory frameworks, promoting human-centered AI that supports global progress and upholds ethical standards and human dignity.

Question: How does UNESCO’s AI oversight project aim to address algorithmic bias in AI technologies?

Answer:

UNESCO’s AI oversight project tackles algorithmic bias by advocating for transparency, accountability, and fairness in AI development. The organization promotes the adoption of ethical guidelines that prioritize unbiased data collection, algorithm design, and model evaluation. By fostering international dialogue and collaboration, UNESCO aims to establish standards that mitigate the risks of algorithmic bias, ensuring AI systems operate equitably across diverse societal contexts. This includes promoting diversity and inclusivity in AI research and development processes, acknowledging the importance of diverse perspectives in mitigating bias. Ultimately, by integrating ethical considerations into AI governance frameworks and fostering interdisciplinary collaboration, UNESCO seeks to cultivate a global environment where AI technologies contribute positively to sustainable development goals while upholding fundamental human rights and values.

TOEFL Speaking Section

Task 1:  Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Technology has had a negative effect on relationships between friends and family.

Answer:

The impact of technology on relationships between friends and family is a topic of ongoing debate. Technology has transformed communication, enabling instant connection through messaging apps, social media, and video calls. This has helped maintain relationships across distances, allowing for real-time sharing of moments and experiences, fostering closeness.

However, excessive use of digital devices can reduce face-to-face interactions, potentially diminishing personal connection quality. Miscommunication through text-based platforms and social media addiction can strain relationships, leading to misunderstandings or feelings of isolation.

Ultimately, technology’s effect on relationships is nuanced and context-dependent. While it offers unprecedented connectivity, maintaining healthy relationships requires mindful use of technology to complement, not replace, meaningful interactions.

Task 2: Integrated Speaking Task

Question: Read a passage about North Sea Rosebank field

The Rosebank oil and gas field, situated in the North Sea, represents one of the most significant and contentious energy projects in the United Kingdom. Located approximately 130 kilometers northwest of the Shetland Islands, Rosebank lies in water depths of around 1,100 meters, making it one of the deepest fields in the North Sea. Discovered in 2004, it has become a focal point in discussions about the future of fossil fuels, energy security, and environmental sustainability. Operated by Equinor, a Norwegian state-owned energy company, Rosebank is estimated to hold around 300 million barrels of recoverable oil, making it one of the largest untapped oil fields in the UK Continental Shelf. The development of Rosebank is seen by some as crucial for maintaining the UK’s oil production levels and energy security, especially as older North Sea fields approach depletion. The project promises significant economic benefits, including job creation and investment in the local supply chain.

Question: Listen to a conversation between two students on North Sea Rosebank field

Conversation:

Amila: Hey Rudy, have you heard about the Rosebank oil and gas field development in the North Sea?

Rudy: Yes, it’s significant. It could boost the UK’s economy through taxes, royalties, and job creation.

Amila: Absolutely, but environmental groups are concerned. With the UK aiming for net-zero emissions by 2050, projects like Rosebank seem counterproductive.

Rudy: Increased carbon emissions and risks to marine ecosystems are major issues. Still, oil and gas are crucial for certain industries.

Amila: It’s a balance between economic stability and environmental goals, highlighting the need for a nuanced energy policy.

Amila: It’s a tricky balance between energy security and environmental sustainability. Oil and gas are still crucial for certain industries.

Rudy: Exactly. Domestic production is seen as better than imports, which have larger carbon footprints due to transportation.

Question: Do you believe the economic benefits of developing the Rosebank oil and gas field outweigh the environmental concerns?

Answer:

While the economic benefits of developing the Rosebank oil and gas field are substantial, including job creation and increased revenue, they do not outweigh the significant environmental concerns. The extraction and burning of oil from Rosebank would contribute to global carbon emissions, exacerbating climate change and undermining the UK’s commitment to achieving net-zero emissions by 2050. Additionally, the risks posed to marine ecosystems by offshore drilling cannot be overlooked. Despite Equinor’s commitment to minimizing environmental impact, the potential for accidents and spills remains a serious concern. Moreover, continuing to invest in fossil fuel projects diverts resources and attention away from the urgent need to transition to renewable energy sources. The long-term sustainability of our planet requires prioritizing clean energy initiatives and reducing reliance on fossil fuels.

TOEFL Listening Section

Section 1: Conversation between Two People

Sarah: Hey, John. Have you heard about the latest trends in ed-tech platforms?

John: Yeah, they’re transforming education. What do you think about their future?

Sarah: Promising. They make education flexible and accessible. Platforms like Coursera and Khan Academy offer courses from top universities, democratizing education.

John: True. Learning from anywhere is a game-changer, especially for those who can’t afford traditional education. The variety of courses is incredible.

Sarah: And with AI and machine learning, these platforms personalize learning. But what about the lack of human interaction?

John: Interactive elements like live sessions and discussion forums help. Do you think they can replace traditional education?

Sarah: Not entirely. A hybrid model combining both would be ideal, addressing the digital divide is crucial too.

Questions:

1. What is one of the primary benefits of ed-tech platforms mentioned in the conversation?

A) Increased cost of education

B) Limited course variety

C) Flexible and accessible education

D) Decreased course quality

Answer: C) Flexible and accessible education

2. Which platforms are mentioned as examples of ed-tech platforms that offer courses from top universities?

A) Udemy and Skillshare

B) Coursera and Khan Academy

C) LinkedIn Learning and MasterClass

D) edX and FutureLearn

Answer: B) Coursera and Khan Academy

3. What technology is being used to personalize learning experiences on ed-tech platforms?

A) Virtual Reality

B) Blockchain

C) Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning

D) Augmented Reality

Answer: C) Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning

4. What is one concern John raises about online education?

A) High cost

B) Lack of course variety

C) Missing human interaction

D) Limited access to technology

Answer: C) Missing human interaction

5. How are ed-tech platforms addressing the lack of human interaction?

A) Reducing course fees

B) Incorporating interactive elements like live sessions and discussion forums

C) Limiting class sizes

D) Providing free devices to students

Answer: B) Incorporating interactive elements like live sessions and discussion forums

6. What kind of model does Sarah envision for the future of education?

A) Entirely online

B) Entirely traditional

C) A hybrid model combining both online and traditional education

D) A model focused solely on virtual reality

Answer: C) A hybrid model combining both online and traditional education

7. What is one significant challenge to the success of ed-tech platforms mentioned in the conversation?

A) Overabundance of courses

B) Digital divide

C) High internet speeds

D) Lack of interest from students

Answer: B) Digital divide

8. How can the digital divide be addressed according to Sarah?

A) By reducing the number of courses offered

B) By increasing the cost of online education

C) By investing in infrastructure and providing affordable devices and internet access

D) By limiting access to ed-tech platforms

Answer: C) By investing in infrastructure and providing affordable devices and internet access

9. What role do teachers play in the digital age according to the conversation?

A) Traditional lecturers only

B) Facilitators and mentors

C) Content creators

D) Course designers

Answer: B) Facilitators and mentors

10. What does John say about the future of education with the integration of technology?

A) It will increase educational costs

B) It will lead to a decrease in education quality

C) It looks bright and promising

D) It will replace traditional education entirely

Answer: C) It looks bright and promising

Section 2: Lecture

Transcript:

Azerbaijan’s announcement of military exercises with Turkey commemorates the centenary of the Turkish Republic, marking a deepening of their strategic alliance. These exercises, planned across Azerbaijan, highlight the countries’ close cultural, historical, and linguistic ties, often termed “one nation, two states.” Underpinning this relationship is their Agreement on Strategic Partnership and Mutual Support, ensuring mutual defense. The proximity of their 15-kilometer border enhances their strategic cooperation, facilitating military readiness and interoperability. This collaboration was pivotal during the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, where Turkish military technology supported Azerbaijan’s victory. However, concerns about regional militarization and tensions persist, particularly given Russia’s security pact with Armenia.

Questions:

1. What is the primary reason for the military exercises between Azerbaijan and Turkey?

A) To celebrate the founding of Azerbaijan

B) To mark the centenary of the Turkish Republic

C) To prepare for a joint invasion of a neighboring country

D) To demonstrate new military technology

Answer: B) To mark the centenary of the Turkish Republic

2. What is the agreement between Azerbaijan and Turkey called?

A) Mutual Defense Treaty

B) NATO Membership Agreement

C) Agreement on Strategic Partnership and Mutual Support

D) Eurasian Security Pact

Answer: C) Agreement on Strategic Partnership and Mutual Support

3. How long is the shared border between Azerbaijan and Turkey?

A) 50 kilometers

B) 25 kilometers

C) 15 kilometers

D) 100 kilometers

Answer: C) 15 kilometers

4. Which conflict highlighted the military cooperation between Azerbaijan and Turkey?

A) Syrian Civil War

B) Crimean Conflict

C) Nagorno-Karabakh conflict

D) Gulf War

Answer: C) Nagorno-Karabakh conflict

5. What role did Turkish military technology play in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict?

A) It provided humanitarian aid

B) It was crucial in Azerbaijan’s victory

C) It helped Armenia gain territory

D) It was not involved

Answer: B) It was crucial in Azerbaijan's victory

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