Answers:

• 5. cooler climates
• 6. European honeybee
• 7. cooler temperatures

3. Academic Reading Sample Task – Identifying Information: True/False/Not Given

The Life and Work of Isaac Newton

Adapted with permission from Encyclopaedia Britannica, © 2007 by Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.

Isaac Newton is widely regarded as one of the most influential scientists of all time. Born in 1643 in Woolsthorpe, England, he is renowned for his groundbreaking work in physics and mathematics, particularly in the fields of mechanics, optics, and gravitation. Newton’s seminal work, “Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica,” laid the foundations for classical mechanics. In recognition of his contributions, he was knighted by Queen Anne in 1705, becoming Sir Isaac Newton.

From an early age, Newton displayed an exceptional aptitude for mathematics and science. After the death of his father and the remarriage of his mother, he was sent to live with his grandmother. Newton’s formal education began at the King’s School in Grantham, where he demonstrated an extraordinary talent for building models of machines. At the age of 18, he entered Trinity College, Cambridge, initially as a subsizar, earning his keep by performing menial tasks.

Newton’s academic prowess soon became evident, and he graduated with a bachelor’s degree in 1665. Due to an outbreak of the plague, he returned to his family estate, where he conducted some of his most significant research. It was during this period that he developed his theories on calculus, optics, and the law of universal gravitation. In 1667, Newton returned to Cambridge as a fellow of Trinity College, and in 1669 he was appointed Lucasian Professor of Mathematics.

Newton’s work in optics involved extensive experiments with prisms, leading to his theory that white light is composed of a spectrum of colors. This was a revolutionary idea at the time and laid the groundwork for the field of spectroscopy. His invention of the reflecting telescope in 1668 was another major achievement, addressing the problem of chromatic aberration found in refracting telescopes.

In addition to his scientific endeavors, Newton held various administrative positions, including Warden and later Master of the Royal Mint. In these roles, he oversaw significant reforms in the English currency system. Newton was also a member of the Parliament of England but did not play a prominent role in political affairs.

Newton’s later years were marked by his involvement in various scientific disputes, most notably with the German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz over the development of calculus. Despite these controversies, his legacy as a pioneer of modern science remains unchallenged. Newton continued his research and correspondence with other scientists until his death in 1727, leaving behind a vast body of work that continues to influence contemporary science.

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

• 8. Isaac Newton was born in the same year as Galileo Galilei died.
• 9. Newton’s work on optics was his only significant scientific contribution.
• 10. Newton played a prominent role in political affairs during his time in Parliament.

Answers:

8. NOT GIVEN

9. FALSE

10. FALSE

Academic Writing Sample Task- 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on this task. Write at least 150 words. The chart below shows the number of men and women in further education in China in four periods and whether they were studying full-time or part-time. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

The chart provides data on the number of men and women in further education in China over four different periods (1980-81, 1990-91, 2000-2001, and 2010-2011), distinguishing between full-time and part-time education.

Full-Time Education:

In full-time education, the number of males showed a consistent decline over the periods. In 1980-81, there were 1,200 males enrolled full-time, but this number decreased to 1,000 in 1990-91, 800 in 2000-2001, and further dropped to 600 by 2010-2011.

Similarly, the number of females in full-time education also decreased, though the decline was less steep compared to males. There were 1,300 females enrolled in 1980-81, which reduced to 1,200 in 1990-91, 1,000 in 2000-2001, and 900 in 2010-2011.

Part-Time Education:

The trend in part-time education mirrored that of full-time education but with smaller numbers overall. The number of males in part-time education fell from 200 in 1980-81 to 150 in 1990-91, then to 70 in 2000-2001, and finally to 50 in 2010-2011.

For females, the part-time enrollment figures were lower but relatively more stable compared to males. There were 150 females in 1980-81, slightly decreasing to 140 in 1990-91, then to 130 in 2000-2001, and slightly increasing to 120 by 2010-2011.

Comparisons:

• Overall Decline: Both full-time and part-time enrollments for males and females have generally declined over the 30-year period.
• Gender Differences: Females consistently had higher numbers in full-time education compared to males, while part-time numbers were relatively closer between genders.
• Steeper Decline for Males: The decline in male enrollment for both full-time and part-time education was more pronounced compared to females.

In summary, the chart indicates a general downward trend in further education enrollment for both genders in China, with females maintaining higher full-time enrollment numbers compared to males, while part-time enrollments remained relatively closer between genders.

Academic Writing Sample Task- 2

You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
Write about the following topic:
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.
Write at least 250 words.

The rise of global trade has brought significant benefits to many countries. At the same time, there are concerns about its impact on domestic industries and employment.

Do the disadvantages of global trade outweigh the advantages?

The Rise of Global Trade: Benefits and Drawbacks

Global trade has undeniably brought numerous benefits to many countries, enhancing economic growth, creating jobs, and fostering innovation. However, it has also raised concerns about its impact on domestic industries and employment. This essay will argue that while the advantages of global trade are substantial, the disadvantages, particularly on local economies and job security, are significant and cannot be overlooked.

On the one hand, global trade has been a driving force behind economic growth and development. It allows countries to specialize in the production of goods and services that they can produce most efficiently, leading to increased productivity and lower prices for consumers. For instance, countries like China and India have experienced rapid economic growth and poverty reduction due in large part to their integration into the global economy. Additionally, global trade encourages innovation and technological advancement as companies compete on an international scale, striving to improve their products and processes.

Furthermore, global trade expands markets for businesses, allowing them to reach a broader customer base and achieve economies of scale. This expansion can lead to increased revenue and the creation of new jobs. For example, many small and medium-sized enterprises in developing countries have been able to access international markets through e-commerce platforms, significantly boosting their growth and development.

On the other hand, the disadvantages of global trade, particularly for domestic industries and employment, are considerable. One major concern is the decline of certain industries that cannot compete with cheaper imports. This can lead to the loss of jobs and economic instability in affected regions. For instance, the textile industries in many Western countries have struggled to compete with low-cost producers in Asia, resulting in factory closures and significant job losses.

Moreover, the increased competition from foreign companies can put pressure on local businesses to reduce costs, often leading to lower wages and poorer working conditions for employees. This race to the bottom can undermine labor standards and exacerbate income inequality. Additionally, the reliance on global supply chains can make economies vulnerable to external shocks, as seen during the COVID-19 pandemic when disruptions in international trade had severe repercussions for businesses worldwide.

In conclusion, while global trade brings substantial benefits, such as economic growth, innovation, and job creation, it also poses significant challenges to domestic industries and employment. The disadvantages, including job losses, economic instability, and the erosion of labor standards, are significant and need to be addressed through thoughtful policies and strategies. Therefore, it can be argued that the disadvantages of global trade do indeed outweigh the advantages, particularly when the negative impacts on local economies and workers are taken into account. It is crucial for governments to implement measures that mitigate these drawbacks while continuing to harness the benefits of global trade.

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