In the field of law, understanding the distinction between investigation and inquiry is crucial. While both terms involve a systematic examination of facts, they serve different purposes within the legal process. An investigation typically refers to a formal process conducted by law enforcement or regulatory agencies to gather evidence and information regarding a specific crime or violation of law. On the other hand, an inquiry is a broader term that encompasses a variety of proceedings conducted by courts, tribunals, or administrative bodies to examine issues, determine facts, and reach conclusions. Unlike investigations, inquiries may be more focused on resolving disputes, clarifying legal questions, or investigating matters of public interest.

What is Investigation?

Investigation, in law, refers to the process where authorities gather information and evidence to solve crimes or determine legal matters. It involves methods like interviews, surveillance, and forensic analysis. Investigations aim to uncover the truth and identify individuals involved in unlawful activities, aiding in the pursuit of justice.

Section 2(h) of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) defines the term ‘Investigation’ as all the proceedings conducted by the police officer to collect the evidence associated with the crime.

Key Features of Investigation includes:

• It involves collecting evidence, facts and information systematically.
• It aims to determine if a crime occurred and identify the parties involved.
• It is typically carried out by the police or other law enforcement agencies.
• It starts when a complaint about an alleged crime is filed.
• The main goal is to gather enough evidence to decide if charges should be brought.

What is Inquiry?

An inquiry is a formal way of asking questions and acquiring information so as to establish the truth about something. An inquiry, in simple terms, is an official inspection or study usually done by a magistrate, a court or any person who has authority. The purpose of an inquiry is to carefully examine the evidence and witness statements regarding a specific case or event. This is achieved through questioning and collection of facts for determining the real cause behind an occurrence and if any rules were violated.

Section 2(g) of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) defines the term ‘Inquiry’ as a legal process which is initiated with an aim of clearance of doubt, finding out the truth, or furtherance of knowledge regarding the case.

Key Features of Inquiry includes:

• It is a formal judicial process overseen by a judge or court.
• It happens after the police have completed their initial investigation.
• Its main purpose is to determine if the allegations are true or false.
• Witnesses provide testimony under oath during an inquiry.
• It can lead to charges being formally filed if sufficient evidence is found.

Difference Between Investigation and Inquiry