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Organic Compounds are those which have Carbon-Hydrogen or Carbon-Carbon bonds. Chemistry is studied under three branches Organic, Inorganic, and Physical Chemistry with each dealing with different types of topics. For this article, we will focus on Organic Chemistry which is the study of carbon and its various compounds. Carbon compounds have a special catenation property that helps them to make long-chain organic compounds. Thus, there are millions of organic compounds, and naming all of them is tough so we came up with a method of naming these organic compounds which are called as Nomenclature of Organic Compound. Nomenclature of Organic Compound is the common set of rules which helps us name all the organic compounds without remembering the name for any of them, we just have to remember the rules. Let’s learn about these rules for naming organic compounds i.e., nomenclature, in detail. What is Nomenclature of Organic Compounds?The procedure of naming both living and non-living things is known as nomenclature. The word is derived from the Latin words “nomen” (name) and “calare” meaning “call.” Different compounds are named according to standards that have been agreed upon globally. But it might range from following severe regulations to adopting the everyday language. When dealing with the process of nomenclature for organic compounds, then this process of nomenclature is referred to as ” Nomenclature of Organic Compounds” which we will discuss in this article in detail. Need of Nomenclature for Organic CompoundsIn the early days, when there is no guidelines for naming conventions of organic compounds, there was a lot of confusion among chemistry scholars as they can’t communicate with the names of organic compounds. Thus, in 1919 IUPAC was founded to standardize various things such as atomic weight, melting point, boiling point, and various other properties of elements. Other than this they were also tasked to create the guideline for the naming convention scheme which now is known as IUPAC Nomenclature. IUPAC System of Nomenclature
The international organization in charge of standardizing the atomic weights, symbols, nomenclature, etc. of different substances is known as IUPAC. It creates and updates this data to support scientists and researchers around the world. The IUPAC nomenclature for inorganic and organic chemicals was developed by this organization. IUPAC NomenclatureEvery scientist must follow a set of regulations under the IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry in order to name compounds that belong to specific groups for better communication of information. In IUPAC Nomenclature, there are three key components: Root word, Suffix and Prefix. With the help of these three components and rules from IUPAC, we can name any organic compound under the blue sky with ease. Let’s learn about these components of Nomenclature in detail. Root WordThe number of carbon atoms in the major chain i.e., the longest conceivable chain of carbon atoms, is indicated by the root word. Greek number roots are used for chains of five or more carbon atoms, whereas specific word roots (based on the common names of alkanes) are used for chains of one to four carbon atoms. For instance, the terms “meth” and “non” denote one-carbon atom chain and nine-carbon atoms, respectively, in an organic compound. The following table shows the first twenty root words for the carbon chain.
SuffixIn IUPAC nomenclature, the suffix comes after the root name and designates the functional group to which it belongs. It is further divided into primary and secondary categories. The root word is followed directly by the main suffix. Primary SuffixA main suffix is a suffix that is used to indicate whether the carbon atoms in the parent chain are saturated or unsaturated. Below is the basic primary suffix,
Secondary SuffixA secondary suffix is a suffix that is used to indicate the main functional group’s nature in a compound.
It is to be noted that when adding a secondary suffix to a primary suffix if the secondary suffix starts with “a,” I “o,” “u,” or “y,” the main suffix’s terminal “e” is dropped.
PrefixUnder this nomenclature, a prefix is placed in front of the root names of compounds. Prefix usage is extremely beneficial because it demonstrates the presence of side chains and substituent groups in an organic compound. These prefixes shed light on a compound’s acyclic and cyclic properties. Primary PrefixTo distinguish between cyclic and acyclic compounds, the main prefix cyclo is used.
Secondary PrefixCertain characteristic groups are not regarded as functional groups or secondary suffixes in the IUPAC nomenclature system. These are designated by secondary prefixes and are thought of as substituents. Below are a few secondary prefixes.
Methods for IUPAC NomenclatureTo write the IUPAC name for any given structure, we can use the following steps:
IUPAC Nomenclature of Some Organic CompoundsThere are various different organic compounds, thus we need to know all the general methods for the naming. IUPAC Name of AlkanesAlkanes have a general formula that is CnH2n+2. Alkanes are typically denoted by the suffix “ane.” Methane for the compound CH4 and butane for the compound C4H10 are examples of alkanes that should be named according to IUPAC criteria. IUPAC Name of AlkenesAlkenes have the general formula CnH2n. Alkenes are classified by the suffix “ene” according to IUPAC rules. Examples of the nomenclature of alkenes include the names ethene and propene, which are used to denote the compounds produced by C2H4 and C3H6, respectively. IUPAC Name of AlkynesAlkynes have the general formula CnH2n-2. Alkynes are typically denoted by the suffix “yne.” Ethyne, which is used to denote the molecule represented by C2H2, is an example of the IUPAC nomenclature for alkynes. IUPAC Name of Halogens
To name compounds containing halogen atoms, we use the prefix halogen in front of the remaining name of the compound. If there is more than one halogen molecule attached to the given structure, then we use alphabetical order to decide which prefix comes first. For example, let’s consider the structure of Cl – CH2 – CH(Cl) – CH2 – CH2 – Br. As there are four carbon atoms and three halogen molecules, thus root word is bute. Thus, the name of a given structure is 1,2-dichloro-4-bromobutane. IUPAC Name of AlcoholAlcohol: The suffix “-ane/ene” is replaced with “-anol/enol” while naming alcohols. The suffix is expanded to include a suitable prefix if there are multiple hydroxyl groups i.e., for two hydroxyl groups, we use diol, for three we use triol, and so on. For example, we have given a structure, CH3(CH2)4OH. As there are 5 carbon atoms in this structure, the root word for this structure is pent, and there is only one hydroxyl group. Thus, the IUPAC name of the given structure is Pentan-1-ol OR 1-Pentanol. IUPAC Name of EthersEthers generally have common names. Two alkyl groups are linked to an oxygen atom in order to find that, the names are then arranged alphabetically with spaces between them. The word “ether” follows them. Additionally, if both alkyl groups are identical, the prefix “di-” is used. This group includes substances like diethyl ether, ethyl methyl ether, etc. For example, CH3 – CH2 – O – CH2 – CH2 – CH3. Oxygen splits the structure into two parts, one with two carbon atoms, and another with three carbon atoms. Thus, the IUPAC name of this structure is ethyl propyl ether OR ethoxy propane. IUPAC Name of Aldehyde and Carboxylic AcidBoth aldehyde and carboxylic acids can be named similar to alcohols. Let’s consider an example to see how to name these compounds i.e., CH3-CH(Cl)-CH2-CH2-CHO. As there are five carbon atoms and two functional groups i.e., aldehyde and chloro. Thus, the name of the given structure is 4-chloropentan-1-al. Similarly, in CH3-CH2-CH2-COOH there are four carbon atoms, and only one functional group i.e., -COOH. Thus, the name of the compound is buntan-1-oic acid. IUPAC Name of KetonesThe carbon chain containing the ketone functional group ( C=O) is named by the suffix -one in the parent chain. The naming of the longest carbon chain should be done in such a way that the carbon-containing ketone functional group gets the lowest possible number. For Example in CH3-CH2-CH2-CO-CH3, the CO is at the second position when numbered from right to left and the carbon chain is of 5 Carbon atoms, hence the compound is named as Pentane-2-One. IUPAC Name of EsterEsters are organic compounds that have the general formula of RCOOR’. Here, R is the smaller carbon chain and it will be named alkyl, and R’ is a longer carbon chain it has the suffix -oate. For Example, in CH3-CH2-CH2-C(=O)-O-CH2-CH3 counting from right to left -CH2CH3 is ethyl, and CH3-CH2-CH2-C(=O)-O has four carbons hence it will be butanoate. Hence, the name of the compound will be Ethyl Butanoate. Read More, Solved Examples on Nomenclature of Organic CompoundsExample 1: Write the name of the given organic compound. 
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Example 2: Write the name of the given organic compound. .png)
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Example 3: Write the name of the given organic compound. 
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Example 4: Write the name of the given organic compound. 
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FAQs on Nomenclature of Organic CompoundsQuestion 1: What do you mean by IUPAC?Answer:
Question 2: What is Nomenclature?Answer:
Q3: Why is Nomenclature important in Organic Chemistry?Answer:
Q4: What are IUPAC Names?Answer:
Q5: What is the need for IUPAC Nomenclature?Answer:
Q6: What are some common Functional Groups and their Suffixes in Organic Chemistry?Answer:
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